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Bài 1.2: Phân biệt tân ngữ và bổ ngữ.

Hầu hết các bạn học tiếng anh đều đã từng nghe qua khái niệm tân ngữ và bổ ngữ nhưng không phải ai cũng làm rõ hai khái niệm này. Vì vậy mình có viết một bài hy vọng phần nào giúp ích cho các bạn trong việc phân biệt rõ đâu là bổ ngữ và đâu là tân ngữ. Việc này có thể có ích cho các bạn khi nghiên cứu các tài liệu học tiếng anh khác.

1.      Định nghĩa:

Từ loại
Chức năng
Cách nhận biết
Tân ngữ
Là danh từ
Bổ nghĩa cho động từ
Đứng sau ngoại động từ (nội động từ không có tân ngữ). Là đối tượng của hành động luôn trả lời cho câu hỏi Who (ai) ? What (cái gì) ?
Bổ ngữ
Là danh từ, tính từ hoặc phó từ
Bổ nghĩa cho động từ
Đứng sau động từ mà không phải là tân ngữ
2.      Bổ ngữ
Xem ví dụ:
He is a teacher (to be: bổ ngữ - danh từ)
He is handsome (to be: bổ ngữ - tính từ)
We are here (to be: bổ ngữ phó từ)
I felt tired (linking verb: bổ ngữ - tính từ)
I felt his emotion (linking verb: bổ ngữ - danh từ)  
I will go shopping tomorrow (action verb: bổ ngữ danh từ thật ra ở đây shopping là danh động từ tuy nhiên nó đóng vai trò là một danh từ trong câu. Xem Bài 2Bài 9 để biết thêm)
I can speak English (action verb: bổ ngữ - danh từ)
We will become a worker (action verb: bổ ngữ - phó từ)
Ở đây bổ ngữ được định nghĩa là thành phần dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ nhưng không phải tất cả các từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ đều được sếp là bổ ngữ. Ở đây điều kiện để trở thành bổ ngữ là bộ phận trong câu nếu thiếu đi thì câu sẽ không có ý nghĩa.
Vi dụ : He is, we are, I felt, I can speak (Oke, câu này có thể hiểu được nhưng khiến bạn hiểu theo một nghĩa khác)….
Về cơ bản:
Ø  Động từ “to be” có đầy đủ các bổ ngữ là danh từ, tính từ hoặc giới từ
Ø  Linking verbs có thể có bổ ngữ là tính từ hoặc danh từ
Ø  Action verbs có thể có bổ ngữ là danh từ hoặc giới từ
 (Ở đây linking verbs và action verbs là hai khái niệm dùng để phân biệt nhau. Là linking verb thì không là action verbs và ngược lại. Xem Bài 8 để biết thêm về linking verb)
Oke, vấn đề về bổ ngữ là tính từ và phó từ là điểm khác biệt riêng của bổ ngữ vì vậy chúng ta chỉ cần phân biệt bổ ngữ và tân ngữ khi chúng đều là danh từ.
Về thực tế hầu hết động từ thuộc hai nhóm ngoại động từ và nội động từ. Với ngoại động từ thì theo sau nó phải luôn luôn là một tân ngữ. Đối lập với ngoại động từ là nội động từ, với một số nội động từ thì tự bản thân nó kết hợp với chủ ngữ đã mang đầy đủ ý nghĩa (VD: I ran, the baby cry…).Tuy nhiên không phải tất cả nội động từ, vẫn có một số nội động từ không thể đứng một mình và chúng cần được bổ nghĩa và ở đây xuất hiện bổ ngữ. Dưới đây mình sẽ liệt kê một số ví dụ thường gặp (bởi lẽ không đủ khả năng liệt kê hết. Tuy nhiên đủ chứng minh được sau nội động từ là bổ ngữ)

  • I will become a worker. (Tôi sẽ trở thành công nhân)
  • She grew into a beautiful girl. (Cô ấy đã trở thành một cô gái xinh đẹp)
  • He turned proletarian. (Anh ấy đã trở thành người vô sản)
  • They got talking (Chúng nó bắt đầu nói chuyện)

Vì vậy, ở đây ta chỉ có thể tìm thấy bổ ngữ là danh ở các trường hợp sau: đi sau động từ to be, dưới dạng thức danh động từ theo sau động từ khác Bài 2, Bài 9 và theo sau nội động từ.
KL: Bổ ngữ có thể là danh từ (hoặc danh động từ), tính từ hoặc phó từ theo sau động từ "to be", linking verb và nội động từ.
3.      Tân ngữ
Cần phải nói rằng tân ngữ là bộ phận không thể thiếu trong câu có động ngoại động từ. Về cơ bản ngoại động từ không thể đứng một mình. Nó sẽ không có nghĩa hoặc mang rất ít ý nghĩa khiến người nghe, người đọc không thể nắm bắt nội dung của câu. (Trên thực tế ranh giới giữa ngoại động từ và nội động từ rất mỏng manh. Hầu hết các ngoại động từ đều có thể là nội động từ và ngược lai)
a.      I give him my book.
b.      I give my book to him.
c.      I sent a letter.
d.      I sent him a letter.
e.      I sent a letter to him.
Một câu có ngoại động từ luôn cần một tân ngữ trực tiếp (không thể thiếu). Tùy thuộc vào ý người nói người viết mà họ có thể thêm vào đó các tân ngữ gián tiếp.
Với một câu chỉ có tân ngữ trực tiếp cấu trúc là:
S (chủ ngữ) + V (động từ đã được chia) + O (tân ngữ trực tiếp)
Với một câu có cả tân ngữ trực tiếp và tân ngữ gián tiếp sẽ có hai cấu trúc cho bạn lựa chọn:
S + V (đã được chia) + O (tân ngữ gián tiếp) + O (tân ngữ trực tiếp)
           VD: I give him my book
S + V (đã được chia) + O (tân ngữ trực tiếp) + prepo (giới từ) + O (tân ngữ gián tiếp)
           VD: I give my book to him
Trong câu có cả tân ngữ trực tiếp và tân ngữ gián tiếp thì những danh từ chỉ vật là thường tân ngữ trực tiếp còn danh từ chỉ người là thường tân ngữ gián tiếp.

Hy vọng bài viết này giúp bạn có cái nhìn tổng quan hơn về bổ ngữ và tân ngữ.

“Bài viết được biên soạn bởi Hung Nguyen"

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