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Bài 15: Danh từ sở hữu (Possessive nouns)


Có lẽ cách gọi này không mấy quen thuộc với mấy bạn vì có thể bạn chỉ thường nghe sở hữu các nhưng mình gọi thế này (thật ra dịch từ possessive nouns) để phân biệt với tính từ sở hữu (possessive adjective: my, her, his, our, their, your, its).

Dưới đây là một cấu trúc của danh từ sở hữu (possessive nouns)
Danh từ số ít
Danh từ sở hữu
Đối với danh từ số ít bạn thêm (') then thêm s và danh từ cần thêm vào để mang nghĩa sở hữu. VD: Tom's book.
Đối với danh từ số ít có đuôi là "s" thì bạn có 2 cách thêm (') và s hoặc chỉ thêm (') để thể hiện VD: Thomas's book hoặc Thomas' book.
Tom
Tom's
my wife
my wife's
a girl
a girl's
Thomas
Thomas's/ Thomas'
Danh từ số nhiều
Danh từ sở hữu
Chỉ thêm (') vào danh từ số nhiều mà kết thúc danh từ đấy là "s". VD: girls' books
Và thêm (') và "s" vào danh từ số nhiều không kết thúc bằng "s". VD: chidren's books
the girls
the girls'
the boys
the boys'
the men
the men's
children
children's

      Thật ra để đơn giản thì bạn chỉ cần xem danh từ đấy có đuôi “s” hay không nếu đuôi bằng “s” thì thêm vào (‘) và “s” còn nếu đuôi là “s” thì chỉ thêm (‘) thì bạn không bao giờ sai cả. Và để ý một chút VD: Tom’s book hoặc có thể là Tom’s books nhưng chỉ có thể là children’s books. Đơn giản vid một người có thể sở hữu một hoặc nhiề cuốn sách còn nhiều người thì chỉ có thể sơ hữu nhiều cuốn sách tất nhiên vẫn có thể sở hữu chung nhưng mình lưu ý một chút cho các bạn để khi các bạn sử dụng thì lưu ý một chút ở đó xem có sự sở hữu chung hay không?
Thật ra thì trong tiếng anh có 3 cách để bạn thể hiện sự sở hữu:
1.      Book of Tom
2.      Tom’s book
3.      His book
     Ba cách này tương đương nhau và bạn sử dụng cách nào cũng được. Mình chỉ có một lưu ý là khi bạn sử dụng cách thứ ba khi nó là sở hữu cách của ngôi thứ ba (her, his, its)“his book” thì bạn phải giải thích cho từ “his” trước đã.
         Ví dụ: Bạn không thể nói His book was lost. Ở đây người ta chẳng hiểu bạn nói về ai cả vì vậy bạn phải nói. Last night, I met Tom. His book was lost hoặc Tom's book was lost hay book of Tom was lost. 
Ngay cả việc sử dụng đại từ nhân xưng ngôi thứ 3 (he, she, it, they) bạn cũng phải giải thích cho chủ ngữ trước khi sử dụng đại từ.
         VD: Bạn không thể nói He fails his test mà phải nói I see Tom today. He fails his test hoặc Tom fails his test. 
    Và thứ 2, bạn chỉ sử dụng my, her, his, your, our, their cho duy nhất một danh từ. Đối cới cách thứ 2 bạn có thể nói: Tom’s wife’s father’s house. Thêm bao nhiêu tùy bạn. Và ở đây bạn phải dịch ngược lại là nhà của bố của vợ của Tom tức là ngôi nhà của bố vợ Tom tất nhiên bạn có thể kết hợp theo kiểu his wife’s father’s house khi Tom đã được nhắc trước đó . Ở đây nó giống với một dạng đố vui mà gần đây cư dân mạng cứ xồn xồn lên đau hết cả đầu. Như kiểu:
A là bố B
B là anh C
C là chồng D
D là bồ E. Hỏi E là gì của A. Đấy nếu bạn muốn dịch một đoạn toàn (’s) nhờ cư dân mạng đi, họ rất giỏi. Đùa thôi. Nếu không tìm thấy đáp án E là gì của A thì inbox mình nhé. :)
      Đối với dạng thứ nhất thì mình nghĩ vẫn có thể sử dụng house of father of wife of Tom nhưng mà thật ra mình chưa thấy bao giờ. Nên thôi bạn dung cách hai cho chắc và ở cách 1 này bạn dịch xuôi theo câu chữ thôi nhé. Vẫn là nhà của bố vợ Tom.
Vâng bài này cần lưu ý gì:
1.      Đuôi của danh từ trong cụm danh từ sở hữu có”s” hay không
2.      Nếu muốn sử dụng tính từ sở hữu (ngôi thứ 3) thì phải định nghĩa trước đã
3.      Muốn sử dụng một từ gồm nhiều sở hữu cách thì dùng cách 2 hoặc kết hợp 2 và 3
4.      Và muốn dịch một từ có nhiều sở hữu cách trong đó thì nhờ cư dân mạng. J

Tiện đây mình nói thêm một chút về bổ ngữ của danh từ vì phần này ngắn và khá đơn giản. Như mình đã nói các từ đứng trước một danh từ và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đó thì sẽ luôn đống vai trò là một tính từ đối với danh từ đó những từ đó gồm những từ loại từ sau: danh từ, tính từ, động tính từ.
     VD: vegetable soup, office building, beautiful girl, broken window. Các từ vegetale (noun), office (noun), beautiful (adj), broken (động tính từ) đều đóng vai trò bổ nghĩa cho danh cac danh từ  soup, building, girl, window. Bạn cần lưu ý (với tính từ và động tính từ mình không nói) rằng không có một danh từ số nhiều nào bổ nghĩa cho danh từ khác vì vậy vegetable vad office ở đây phải đưa hết về dạng số it (nếu là danh từ không đếm được làm bổ ngữ thì bạn khỏi cần nghĩ).
Và một lưu ý nhỏ là khi bạn có cụm từ bổ ngữ là một cụm có sự kết hợp của số từ trong đấy thì bạn phải có “ – “ trong cụm bổ ngữ
VD: a five – year – old son. Ở đây: a five year old son hoặc a five – years – old son đều sai nhé.
Vâng có hai lưu ý: không có danh từ số nhiều làm bổ ngữ và có số thì phải có “ - ”.
Hy vọng nó giúp ích được cho bạn. Tạm biệt và…

Hẹn gặp lại !!!
“Bài viết được biên soạn bởi Hung Nguyen"


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