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Bài 1.7: Danh từ riêng trong tiếng anh.


Khác với danh từ chung, danh từ riêng dùng để chỉ tên của người, tên của sự vật, hiện tượng. Tất cả các danh từ riêng đều được viết hoa ở chỉ cái đầu tiên. Và một danh từ riêng chỉ nhằm gọi tên một người, một sự vật, một sự việc nên các danh từ riêng là danh từ số ít. Dù vậy,  bạn không thể đặt a, an hoặc the trước danh từ riêng. Đấy là những quy tắc bạn phải nhớ:

1.      Danh từ riêng là danh từ số ít.
2.      Danh từ riêng không cần mạo từ.
3.      Danh từ riêng phải được viết hoa chữ cái đầu tiên (đây là dấu hiệu để bạn phân biệt danh từ chung và danh từ riêng)
Ví dụ:
1.      Khi bạn muốn viết tên ai đó: Hung, Nam, John or Marry hoặc Mr. Hung, Mr. Nam or Mrs. Marry…
2.      Khi bạn viết tên một nước bạn phải viết: Vietnam, American, Japan, Thailand...
3.      Khi viết tên một con sông hay ngọn núi: Nile, Hong, Cuu Long, Everest
4.      Khi bạn muốn viết tên thành phố: Hanoi, Hoi An, Nghe An, Thanh Hoa, Newyork, Paris…
5.      Nam is a good student (danh từ riêng luôn ở dang số it)
Dù vây, có thể đôi lúc bạn bối rối vì không biết liệu những từ mình nhìn thấy có phải danh từ riêng hay không, dù nó được viết hoa.
VD: To day, I see Mr. Smith and Mrs. Smith. The Smiths didn’t go with the other.
Ở đây, Smith không phải danh từ riêng mà là một danh từ dùng để chỉ tất cả những người thuộc họ Smith. Tuy nhiên, John Smith hay Marry Smith thì lại hoàn toàn là danh từ riêng vì nó chỉ dùng để nói về một người duy nhất. Tất nhiên cũng có thể có người trùng tên nhưng không vì thế mà bạn dùng danh từ riêng như một danh từ số nhiều để gọi những người cùng tên được, nên nhớ danh từ riêng chỉ chỉ một người, một thứ duy nhất. Vậy để nói về nhiều người và nhiều sự vật cùng tên bạn phải giải thích cho người nghe và người đọc hiểu.
VD: Bạn không thể nói: Hung are smart, mà bạn phải nói, all people who name Hung are smart. Dù sao thì "Hung" ở đây là tên chung của tất cả những người tên "Hung" rồi. Về cơ bản nó là danh từ chung chung trong trường hợp này rồi.
Hơi rắc rối, nhưng bạn cần nhớ tên gia đình, tên dòng họ, đảng phái,… là danh từ chung nhưng lại được viết hoa. Và vì là danh từ chung + dùng để xác định một nhóm người đã xác định nên khi dùng những danh từ chỉ gia đình, dòng họ, quốc tịch ta sử dụng kèm mạo từ “the”
VD: The Smiths,....
Quy tắc là quy tắc nhưng thực tế vẫn có ngoại lệ. Với quy tắc thứ 2, danh từ riêng không sử dụng mạo từ. Một số trường hợp bạn cần nhớ:
Sở dụng mạo từ “the” trước các danh từ riêng chỉ:
1.      Khách sạn, câu lạc bộ, rạp hát, rạp chiếu phim: The Ritz Hotel, the Royal Theatre…
2.      Tàu bè: the Titanic, the Caleuche, the Mary Celste, the Bel Amica
3.      Báo chí: the Times, the Forbes, the Guardian….

4.      Văn kiện, sự kiện lịch sử: the Paris Agreement, the Second World War….

*Thêm nữa, khi một danh từ chung đi với một danh từ riêng thì thế nào. Bạn có thể xem ví dụ sau:
1.      President Ho Chi Minh, Professor John Smith, Aunt Petunia, Mount Everest…
ð Khi danh từ chung được đặt ngay trước một danh từ riêng để chỉ một sự vật sự việc cụ thể thì nó cũng được viết hoa và tất nhiên không dung mạo từ.
2.      The prisident of Vietnam, now, is Dai Quang Tran.
ð Khi danh từ riêng được ngăn và danh từ chung bị ngăn các bởi một từ loại khác thì nó trở lại với hình thái ban đầu và có thể sử dụng mạo từ di kèm.
*Một số sự vật, sự việc có thể do hình thái, cấu trúc, lịch sử hay địa lý mà có thể có cả tên gọi là danh từ chung hoặc danh từ riêng và cả hai đều được viết hoa hoặc chỉ có danh từ chung dùng để chỉ một quần thể riêng biệt và được viết hoa.
Ví dụ: Americanthe United States hoặc Englandthe United Kingdom

Hy vọng bài viết có ích cho bạn!

Hẹn gặp lại !!!
“Bài viết được biên soạn bởi Hung Nguyen"

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